When Familiar Social Partners are Selected in Open-Ended Situations: Further Tests of the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

ABSTRACT

Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; Carstensen, 1995 Carstensen , L. L. ( 1995 ). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 4 , 151 – 156 . [CROSSREF] [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151–156) predicts that novel social partners are preferred in open-ended situations, whereas familiar social partners are preferred in future-limited situations. The authors attempted to generalize past research to new familiar and novel partner options. Studies 1 (N = 144; undergraduates, community-dwelling adults ages 65 to 95) and 2 (N = 336 community-dwelling participants ages 11 to 89) indicated that young and older participants in a future-limited situation preferred familiar partners. However, with different social partner options than have been used in previous research, young participants in an open-ended situation also preferred a familiar partner, contrary to the predictions of SST.     

Systematic review on the value of CT scanning in the diagnosis of anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery

Background

Timely diagnosis of anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery and adequate treatment is important to reduce morbidity and mortality. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning is the diagnostic tool of preference, but its value may be questionable in the early postoperative period. The accuracy of CT scanning for the detection of anastomotic leakage and its role in timing of intervention was evaluated.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed. Relevant publications were identified from four electronic databases between 1990 and 2011. Inclusion criteria were human studies, studies published in English or Dutch, colorectal surgery with primary anastomosis, and abdominal CT scan with reported outcome for the detection of anastomotic leakage. Exclusion criteria were cohort of fewer than five patients, other gastrointestinal surgery, no anastomosis, and radiological imaging other than CT.

Results

Eight studies, including 221 abdominal CT scans, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Overall, the methodological quality of the studies was poor. The overall sensitivity of CT scanning to diagnose leakage was 0.68 (95 % confidence interval 0.59–0.75) for colonic resection. Data on the sequelae of false-negative CT scanning was not available.

Conclusion

There is limited good-quality evidence to determine the value of CT scans in the detection of anastomotic leakage. To prevent delay in diagnosis and appropriate treatment of anastomotic leakage, the relatively low sensitivity of CT scanning must be taken into account.     

上海市闸北区5～15岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍患病率及其影响因素的研究

目的了解上海市闸北区5~15岁儿童注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的患病率特征及其影响因素。方法采用一般情况调查表和注意缺陷及多动症状调查表对上海市闸北区5~15岁儿童进行整群-分层抽样调查。共回收有效问卷9 900份,以美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版ADHD的诊断标准对可疑患儿及其家长进行诊断性访谈,将ADHD患者分为注意缺陷为主型（ADHD-I）、多动-冲动为主型（ADHD-HI）和混合型（ADHD-C）,并分析ADHD的影响因素。结果 ADHD患病率为4.6%,其中ADHD-I型为2.4%,ADHD-HI型为0.4%,ADHD-C型为1.8%。男童患病率为6.6%,女童患病率为2.7%,男女患病率之比为2.41∶1。各年龄组ADHD各型的患病率存在差异,7~10岁组患病率最高（6.3%）。外地户籍儿童的患病率高于本市户籍儿童患病率。父母间的不同文化程度和人均月收入水平比较,其儿童的ADHD患病率差异有统计学意义。儿童月龄、性别及母亲低文化程度（初中及以下）是ADHD患病的影响因素。结论 ADHD-I型发病率高,7~10岁组患病率最高,儿童月龄、性别及母亲低文化程度影响ADHD患病率。     

Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview

As heritability is high in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), genetic factors must play a significant role in the development and course of this disorder. In recent years a large number of studies on different candidate genes for ADHD have been published, most have focused on genes involved in the dopaminergic neurotransmission system, such as DRD4, DRD5, DAT1/SLC6A3, DBH, DDC. Genes associated with the noradrenergic (such as NET1/SLC6A2, ADRA2A, ADRA2C) and serotonergic systems (such as 5-HTT/SLC6A4, HTR1B, HTR2A, TPH2) have also received considerable interest. Additional candidate genes related to neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity that have been studied less intensively include SNAP25, CHRNA4, NMDA, BDNF, NGF, NTF3, NTF4/5, GDNF. This review article provides an overview of these candidate gene studies, and summarizes findings from recently published genome-wide association studies (GWAS). GWAS is a relatively new tool that enables the identification of new ADHD genes in a hypothesis-free manner. Although these latter studies could be improved and need to be replicated they are starting to implicate processes like neuronal migration and cell adhesion and cell division as potentially important in the aetiology of ADHD and have suggested several new directions for future ADHD genetics studies.     

The role of acculturation in suicidal ideation among second-generation immigrant adolescents in France

This study explored the contributions of sociocultural and psychopathological factors to suicidal ideation among adolescents. A sample of 292 French high school students with an immigrant background completed a questionnaire assessing suicidal ideation, borderline personality traits, depressive symptoms, parental attachment, life events, acculturation orientations, ethnic identity, cannabis and alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status and academic failure. Although stressful life events, depressive symptoms, and individualism were risk factors, and attachment to parents a protective factor for both boys and girls, some gender differences emerged. Borderline traits (risk factor), assimilation and marginalization (both protective factors) were significant predictors only among girls.     

Replication of an association of a promoter polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Genetic associations for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a common highly heritable childhood behavioural disorder, require replication in order to establish whether they are true positive findings. The current study aims to replicate recent association findings from the International Multi-centre ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) project in one of the most studied genes related to ADHD, the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene. In a family-based sample of 450 ADHD probands, three Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers have been genotyped using TaqMan assays. Transmission Disequilibrium Test analysis demonstrates that one of three SNP markers (rs11564750) in the 5′ promoter region of the gene is significantly associated with ADHD (P = 0.02). This provides further evidence that in addition to the well-known and investigated 3′UTR polymorphism associated with ADHD, there is potentially a further association signal emanating from the 5′ promoter region of the gene. Further replication and functional studies are now required to fully understand the consequence of polymorphisms present at both the 5′ and 3′ ends of the DAT1 gene and their role in ADHD pathophysiology.     

Regional changes in spinal cord glucose metabolism in a rat model of painful neuropathy.

Spinal cord patterns of metabolic activity in a model of neuropathic pain were assessed in unanesthetized rats by the [14C]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique. Rats used in this procedure had demonstrable thermal hyperalgesia ipsilateral to sciatic nerve ligation and ipsilateral hindpaws that were lifted in a guarded position. The latter indicated possible spontaneous pain. Sciatic nerve ligation produced significant increases in glucose utilization in the dorsal and ventral horns of both sides, with greater activity present on the ipsilateral as compared to the contralateral side. Peak activity was in laminae V-VI, a region involved in nociceptive processing. Thus, a chronic increase in neuronal activity in these regions may reflect spontaneous neuropathic pain.